For the first time, surgeons have transplanted a genetically modified pig lung into a brain-dead human recipient, with the organ functioning for nine days. The procedure, carried out in China and published in Nature Medicine, represents a milestone in xenotransplantation — the use of animal organs to address the global shortage of human donors. According to the World Health Organization, only about 10% of worldwide demand for organ transplants is currently met.
The lung came from a pig that had undergone six genetic modifications to reduce the risk of rejection. Researchers reported that the transplanted organ remained viable without signs of infection or hyperacute rejection during the nine-day observation period. However, it eventually showed fluid accumulation and antibody-driven damage, despite the use of strong immunosuppressive drugs. Experts caution that the presence of the patient’s remaining natural lung likely masked some of the functional decline.
Challenges and Future Directions
Specialists note that lung xenotransplantation faces unique hurdles compared to other organs. Because the lungs are constantly exposed to the external environment, they have an exceptionally sensitive immune system, making them more prone to rejection and damage. Experts also point out that brain death itself may complicate results by triggering additional inflammation.
While researchers view the achievement as a valuable step forward, they emphasize that clinical application is still a long way off. Further refinement of genetic modifications, immunosuppressive protocols, and preservation methods will be essential.
At the same time, other strategies are under investigation, including repairing marginal human donor lungs with advanced treatments, growing humanized organs in animals, or regenerating donor organs using stem cells. These approaches could offer more immediate ways to expand the organ supply, while xenotransplantation continues to develop as a long-term solution.
